ABSTRACT
SUMMARYThe epidemiological characteristics of paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed and updated. The new endemic areas in Brazil were discussed in the section regarding the geographic distribution of the mycosis. Subclinical infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was discussed on the basis of skin test surveys with antigens of the fungus, seroepidemiological studies, and disease cases outside Latin America. Large case series permitted a comparison of the prevalence of the mycosis in different regions, its estimated incidence and risk factors for the development of the disease. Aspects modulating the expression of the clinical forms of paracoccidioidomycosis are also presented. This review also deals with diseases associated with the mycosis, opportunistic paracoccidioidomycosis, lethality, mortality and infection and disease in animals.
RESUMOAs características epidemiológicas da paracoccidioidomicose foram revistas e atualizadas. Novas áreas endêmicas brasileiras foram discutidas na seção de distribuição geográfica da micose. A infecção subclínica por Paracoccidioides brasiliensis foi discutida com base em pesquisas realizadas com testes cutâneos com antígenos do fungo, estudos soroepidemiológicos e em casos de doença, fora da América Latina. Grandes séries de casos permitiram a comparação da prevalência da micose em diferentes regiões, sua incidência estimada e fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da doença. Aspectos modulando a expressão de formas subclínicas da paracoccidioidomicose foram igualmente apresentados. Esta revisão também trata de doenças associadas à micose, paracoccidioidomicose oportunista, letalidade, mortalidade e infecção e doença em animais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Paracoccidioidomycosis/epidemiology , Incidence , Latin America/epidemiology , Paracoccidioidomycosis/veterinary , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of the major systemic mycosis in Brazil, called paracoccidioidomycosis. Although the Rio Grande do Sul is considered an endemic area of the disease, there are few studies on the ecology of P. brasiliensis in the state. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the infection of P. brasiliensis in horses from the mesoregion of Southwest Riograndense, using these animals as sentinels. Serological techniques, such as double immunodiffusion in agar gel (AGID) and indirect ELISA, were performed to detect the anti-gp43 P. brasiliensis antibody in horses from five different farms in the region of Bagé, RS, Brazil. Serology was performed in 200 Pure Blood English horses up to two years of age that were born and raised exclusively at the farms. Of these horses, 12% had anti-gp43 antibodies according to the ELISA results, with rates ranging from 0 to 30% according to the farm of origin (p < 0.001). Based on the immunodiffusion results, all equine serum samples were negative. These results indicate the presence of the fungus P. brasiliensis in the middle region of the southwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies, Fungal/blood , Horse Diseases/epidemiology , Paracoccidioides/immunology , Paracoccidioidomycosis/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Horses , Horse Diseases/microbiology , Paracoccidioidomycosis/epidemiology , Paracoccidioidomycosis/microbiology , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to evaluate Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in urban dogs from the municipality of Monte Negro, Rondonia, Western Brazilian Amazon. The serum samples (n=126) were analyzed by indirect ELISA and the immunodiffusion test using P. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively. A positivity of 54.8% was observed only in the ELISA test and no statistical difference was observed in the seroprevalence in relation to age or sex. This is the first paracoccidioidomycosis survey carried out with dogs from the Western Brazilian Amazon. The higher positivity rates of P. brasiliensis infection observed in this study suggest that veterinarians must be alert to detect new cases of natural disease in dogs living in paracoccidioidomycosis endemic areas.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a infecção por Paracoccidioides brasiliensis em cães urbanos do município de Monte Negro, Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. As amostras de soro (n=126) foram analisadas por meio dos testes de ELISA indireto e imunodifusão utilizando gp43 de P. brasiliensis e exoantígeno como antígenos, respectivamente. Uma positividade de 54,8% foi observada apé isso mesmoenas no teste de ELISA e nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada na soroprevalência em relação ao sexo ou à idade. Este é o primeiro estudo epidemiológico de paracoccidioidomicose realizado com cães da Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. A alta positividade de infecção por P. brasiliensis observada neste estudo sugere que os veterinários devem estar atentos para detectar a doença natural em cães de áreas endêmicas para paracoccidioidomicose.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Animals, Domestic/immunology , Paracoccidioides/isolation & purification , Paracoccidioidomycosis/epidemiology , Paracoccidioidomycosis/veterinary , Antigens , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Immunodiffusion/veterinaryABSTRACT
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) that is one of the most prevalent systemic human mycoses in Latin America. Armadillos show a high incidence of PCM infection and could, therefore, be a natural reservoir for this fungus. In this study were compared the virulence profiles of isolates obtained from nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) (PbT1 and PbT4) and isolates from PCM patients (Pb265 and Bt83). Pathogenicity was evaluated by fungal load and analysis of colony morphology. Immunity against the fungus was tested by delayed type hypersensitivity test (DTH) and antibody quantification by ELISA. The higher virulence of PbT1 and PbT4 was suggested by higher fungal load in spleen and lungs. Armadillo isolates and Bt83 presented a cotton-like surface contrasting with the cerebriform appearance of Pb265. All isolates induced cellular and humoral immune responses in infected BALB/c mice. DTH reactions were similarly induced by the four isolates, however, a great variability was observed in specific antibody levels, being the highest ones induced by Bt83 and PbT4. The present work confirms that armadillos harbor P. brasiliensis, whose multiplication and induced immunity in experimentally infected mice are heterogeneous, resembling the behavior of isolates from human PCM. This study reinforces the possibility that armadillos play an important role in the biological cycle of this pathogen.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Armadillos/microbiology , Paracoccidioides/pathogenicity , Paracoccidioidomycosis/microbiology , Paracoccidioidomycosis/veterinary , Colony Count, Microbial , Disease Reservoirs/microbiology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Phenotype , Paracoccidioides/isolation & purification , Time Factors , VirulenceABSTRACT
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis foi encontrado, por inoculaçäo de triturado de fígado e baço em hamsters, em 4 de 20 tatus (Dasypus novemcinctus) examinados na regiäo de Tucuruí, Pará. Hamsters inoculados por via intradérmica e peritoneal com o parasito desenvolveram infecçöes generalizadas e morreram em 1 1/2 a 13 meses. A diagnose do fungo foi confirmada por histopatologia e cultura. Näo se observaram sinais macroscópios de doenças nos tatus. A distribuiçäo geográfica de D. novemcinctus abrange a área endêmica de paracoccidioidomicose humana, sugerindo-se que o tatu tenha algum papel na ecologia do fungo